Sun Yat-sen, while preaching to overseas Chinese in Hawaii in Dec 1903, cited the humiliations of the Boxer Protocol and the 1900 defeat of Manchu government by 20,000 foreign soldiers. Sun Yat-sen called upon replicating USA's system in China. In the autumn of 1904, Sun Yat-sen adopted the combination of the republic and China in an article.
Also in autumn, Tang Jiyao, as one of 100 Yunnan Province overseas students, arrived in Japan where he changed his major to 'infantry' from 'sciences'.
In 1904, Tao Chengzhang returned to China and exerted his efforts in rebuilding secret societies in Zhejiang Prov. Tao Chengzhang & Gong Baoquan travelled across Zhejiang Province prefectures, and in Aug 1904, planned with Huang Xing & Cai Yuanpei for an uprising on Nov 16th [the birthday of Dowager Empress Cixi]. In Oct 1904, Tao, together with Gong Baoquan & Cai Yuanpei, established "Guang Fu Hui".Tao took charge of liaisons in five provinces of Southeast China. In Changsha of Hunan Province, Huang Xing and Zhang Ji persuaded Su Manshu into a stay as an English language teacher at "Enterprise School". Su Manshu just returned from a pilgrimage trip to South East Asia, with financing from his English language teacher Zhuang-xiang, i.e., a Spaniard priest who, at age of seventy year plus at the time, intended to marry his 20 year old daughter to the revolutionary-monk.
Also in Feb 1904, Russo-Japanese War broke out with a surprise attack on Port Arthur by the Japanese fleet. Manchu military officers, like Wu Peifu, were ordered to collaborate with Japanese in going to Manchuria for espionage against the Russians. Russians employed Chinese as spies as well, with one such spy execution documentary being played in the medical college where Lu Xun was attending. The next year, in Sept 1905, defeated on land and sea, Russia ceded to Japan Port Arthur, the southern portion of the Manchurian Railway, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island under the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth.
In the winter of 1904, Restoration Society was established in Shanghai, with Cai Yuanpei made into the president as a result of Zhang Taiyan's imprisonment. Restoration Society proposed the slogan of "restoring our Han ethnicity and recovering our mountains and rivers".
In the spring of 1905, Sun Yat-sen visited Europe. In the spring, he knocked on the door of Wu ZHihui who had refused to see him while in Japan in 1901, thinking that Sun might just be a robinhood kind of figure. With Liu Chengyu's referral letter sent from San Francisco, Sun Yat-sen obtained invitation from overseas students in Brussels and Berlin. While Sun touted the role of secret societies, Zhu Hezhong alerted to the influences of students and soldiers in Hunan-Hubei provinces as well as the possible unrestrained ambitions of secret society members. After 3 day and 3 night talks, Sun Yat-sen was convinced by Zhu Hezhong. About 30 students held an oath, and later in 1905, called themselves the European Branch of "Allied Societies", with the inclusion of the students from Beulin and Paris area.
In March of 1905, Shanghai Cathay University dissolved over foreign lecturers' change of curriculum.
Manchu goverment dispatched five ministers on an inspection trip across European nations in 1905. On the original departure date, a revolutionary by the name of Wu Yue (from Tongcheng of Anhui Prov) died by exploding himself in the attempt of assassinating the five ministers at the train station. In the same year, Hu Ying (from Hunan Prov) and Wang Han (from Hubei Prov) followed Manchu "qin cai" [imperial inspector] Tie-liang all the way to the north, and Wang Han committed suicide after failing to find a chance to assassinate Tie-liang.
Formation Of "Allied Societies"
In July of 1905, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Japan from France. On July 28th, Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen had a meeting in Fengleyuan Restaurant with the brokering by Japanese Gongqi Yinzang. Per Song Jiaoren diaries, Sun expressed worries about China falling into the chaos similar to post-Qin or post-Yuan eras. "Huang Xing Hui" held another meeting in regards to cooperation with Sun Yat-sen the next day. On 30th, 70 students went to Japan's black dragon society for a preparatory meeting during which Sun Yat-sen & Huang Xing made speeches. The meeting, at Huang Xing's suggestion, changed the society naming to "Chinese Allied Societies" from "Chinese Revolutionary Allied Societies". (Wang1 Rongzu stated that Japanese government had demanded that the word 'revolution' be taken out.) Gongqi Yinzang presented a roster form for attendents to sign. Cao Yabo, a Hunan native, broke the participants' hesitation by signing his name first. Sun Yat-sen's oath called for expelling of the Tartars and restoration of our China. On Aug 13th, Sun Yat-sen made a speech at a reception held by about 700 overseas students in Tokyo and called for establishment of republic via revolution. On Aug 20th of 1905 (solar calendar), Sun Yat-sen, who reportedly had spent idle time in Japan after losing his brave men in prior uprisings, was supported by Huang Xing for organizing "Tong Meng Hui" (i.e., 'Allied Society of China' or 'Revolutionary Alliance') in Japan. 30 clauses were chartered. Among 30 commissars, only two, including Sun Yat-sen, belonged to former "Xing Zhong Hui". Sun, age 39, was made into "premier", while Huang Xing, age 31, was secondary. Hu Hanming [age 26], Song Jiaoren [age 23], and Wang Jingwei [21] tacked on prominent posts. About 400 students joined the secret society. "Min Bao Newspaper" [i.e., The People's Journal] was launched on Nov 26th 1905.
Li Ao, the critic of KMT, claimed that it was Huang Xing who had saved Sun Yat-sen's political career in 1905. Do note that back in 1902, Zhang Taiyan & Gong Baoquan had visited Sun at Yokohama and later formed a rudimentary alliance. Li Dongfang's "Complete Biography of Chiang Kai-shek" pointed out that "Tong Meng Hui" expanded upon "Xing Zhong Hui" but incorporated Huang Xing & Song Jiaoren's "Hua Xing Hui", absorbed members from Cai Yuanpei & Gong Baoquan's "Guang Fu Hui" as well as "Ri [sun] Zhi [knowledge] Hui". ("Ri [sun] Zhi [knowledge]" apparently derived from Ming Dynasty remnant Gu Yanwu's article "Ri [sun] Zhi [knowledge] Lu [records]" in early Manchu Qing Dynasty.) Li Dongfang indiscriminately ascribed uprisings and assassinations by various organizations to "Tong Meng Hui", including: Wu Yue's attempted ssassination of five ministers in Peking in Aug 1905, Zhu Zhilong's death in Changsha in Oct 1906, Xu Xilin's assassination of En-ming in Anqing in May 1907 as well as Pingxiang-Liling-Liuyang Uprising in 1906, Huanggangzhen [Raoping of Guangdong] Uprising, Qinuuhu [Huizhou of Guangdong] Uprising, Qinzhou Uprising and Zhennanguan Uprising in 1907.
Tang Jiyao and about 40 Yunnan Province students also joined the "Tong Meng Hui". Tang Jiyao, who actively participated in revolutionary publications and societies, also joined Huang Fu's "Iron & Blood Great Men Society"" ['zhang fu hui'], i.e., a small circle of 41 cadet students who later became the nucleus of provincial military leaders during 1911 uprising. (Sun Yat-sen was said to have special instruction that 'zhang fu hui' membership be restricted and hidden for sake of infiltration into Manchu military establishment.)
Three months later, on Nov 26th, Sun first expounded his Three People-ism (i.e., Three People's Principles in regards to nationalism, civil rights and populace life) on newspaper "Min Bao". Sun Yat-sen first adopted the term "guomin geming" or 'national revolution' for distinction from "pingmin geming" or 'ordinary people/banditry revolution'.
With "Tong Meng Hui", Sun Yat-sen incorporated Huang Xing/Song Jiaoren's Hubei comrades and Zhang Binglin's Zhejiang comrades and made the revolution a multi-province movement. For the first time, revolutionary ranks included overseas students and intellectuals spanning multiple provinces other than professional chivalry fighters. "Tong Meng Hui", with the requirement of an oath to the heaven, had been touted as the turning point in China's revolution. Jiang Yongjing attributed multiple-province members recruited and disciplined in Japan to the success of domino-effect provincial independence during 1911 Xin Hai Revolution. Per Jiang Yongjing (page 41 of "Hundred Year Land-Sea Ebb History of KMT", 1993 edition, zhuanji wenxue publishing house, Taipei, Taiwan), "Tong Meng Hui" possessed 956 recorded names in the timeframe of 1905-1906, with majority members at age 20-25, and members came from all Chinese provinces except for Gansu Province. (Fu Guoyong claimed that Zhang Binglin's Zhejiang comrades joined Allied Society of China on individual basis since the leaders of the Restoration Society were all in Shanghai. "Tong Meng Hui", on Sept 8th 1905, dispatched Feng Ziyou to HK for taking over "China Daily" from Chen Shaobai. Chen Shaobai, i.e., prominent member of "Xing ZHong Hui" who launched the newspaper in 1899, left the political scene.)
http://www.imperialchina.org/Qing_Dynasty.html#guangfuhui
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